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Free Guide for Horsebox and Trailer Owners

HorseBoxes-trailer-owners-guide-vosaUnderstanding  equine transport regulations can be a complicated task but the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) clarify regulations for horse owners in their free downloadable booklet A Guide for Horsebox and Trailer Owners.

The guide is divided into the following chapters;

  1. Operator licensing
  2. Drivers’ hours and tachographs
  3. Roadworthiness
  4. Vehicle weights
  5. Certificates of competence
  6. Other requirements
  7. Enforcement

and it addresses some basic questions to assist owners and operators of horseboxes.

Click HERE to download the PDF document. The download will start immediately.

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10 signs that your horse needs a dentist - recognising equine dental problems

 

Horse-teeth
10 signs to that may show that your horse needs it's teeth attending to by an equine dentist:

1. Difficulty in chewing

2. Quidding (loss of food from the mouth while eating)

3. Loss of appetite

4. Swellings on jaw or face

5. Abrasions to the tongue or gums

6. Foul smelling breath

7. Undigested feed matter in manure eg. long stems or whole grain

8. Loss of condition

9. Discomfort with bit eg. head tossing, chewing, head tilted to one side

10. Poor performance

More on equine teeth - What are equine Wolf Teeth?

       Image: Ernst Vikne                                    

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EHV-1 Equine Herpes Virus Type1 What you need to know

EHV-1 is a virus, Equine Herpes Virus Type 1. It is also called the “rhino virus” or "rhinopneuomitis".

The EHV-1 virus is extremely contagious.

EHV-1 virus spreads via nasal secretions, through touch, through the air and through objects that have been in contact with infected horses this includes hands and clothing of people.

Equine Herpes Virus 1 (EHV-1) can cause respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal mortality and it can mutate to Equine Herpes Virus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) a severe viral brain and spinal fluid infection.

All equines – horses, donkeys, mules, zebras can contract EHV-1 as can alpacas and llamas.

Symptoms of Equine Herpes Virus Type 1 (EHV-1) include high temperature, lethargy, clear runny nose, many horses only get the respiratory version and clear the virus after a few days however they should still be evaluated by a vet and isolated for at least 21 days or until any infectious disease has been ruled out.

Symptoms of Equine Herpes Virus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM)  include high temperature, followed by a variety of possible neurologic signs which may include weakness, incoordination of the limbs, inability to urinate or pass manure, decreased tail tone. Signs are more apparent in the hindlimbs and in severe cases may progress to the inability to stand.

Prevention of EHV-1:

The best way to prevent EHV-1 exposure during suspected outbreaks is to quarantine your horses and yard / barn.

Practice bio-security in the yard see Minimising the risk of equine infectious diseases using biosecurity at the stable yard

If you think you may have been in contact with horses who have contracted EHV-1 start taking your horse's temperature  twice a day, if your horse's temperature rises above normal (99-101°F (37.2-38.3°C) for an adult horse) contact your equine vet IMMEDIATELY.

There are several vaccines on the market to prevent the respiratory and abortion forms of the EHV-1 rhinovirus but there is currently no effective vaccine for the neurologic form of EHV-1. Your vet can advise you as to the best vaccine for your horse.

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Enteroliths in horses

What are enteroliths?

Enteroliths are intestinal stones composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate salts, sometimes they  form around a small foreign object eg. a pebble, or even a piece of baling twine in a similar manner to pearl in an oyster. Large enterolith stones in a horse's colon can cause an obstruction and result in colic.

What causes enteroliths?

Possible causes include:

Excessive minerals in the diet eg. magnesium, phosphate, or calcium.

Ingestion of foreign objects.

Lack of turnout

A diet of 50% + of Alfalfa hay

What are the symptoms of an enterolith?

Symptoms of an enterolith are similar to those of colic:

Depression

General discomfort

Restlessness

Lying down at unusual times

Pawing

Kicking or biting at the belly

Sweating

Increased pulse and respiration

Disinterest in eating

Yawning and teeth grinding

Flehmen

Mucous covered faeces

Lack of droppings

Distended flanks

How are enteroliths diagnosed?

Enteroliths are usually diagnosed surgically during an impaction colic operation.

How are enteroliths treated?

Enteroliths are treated by surgical removal, there is a good prognosis for survival with a 95% survival rate.

Will enteroliths recur?

If dietary / turnout changes are not made there is a strong chance that further enteroliths will develop.

What type of horses are prone to enteroliths?

Enteroliths are more likely to develop in mares, they are more common in Arabs than other breeds and most commonly occur between the ages of 5 -10 years.

How to avoid your horse developing enteroliths?

If feeding alfalfa hay it should provide less than 50% of the horse's daily forage ration.

Reduce / eliminate the feeding of bran due to high levels of phosphorus

Avoid prolonged periods of confinement

Provide daily turnout

Split hard feeds into 3 / 4 meals a day

Prevent access to foriegn bodies

Adding vinegar to feed will reduce the PH in the intestine, high PH  cancause minerals to attach to foreign bodies in the colon which may result in the formation of an enterolith.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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What's involved in a 5 Stage pre-purchase vetting?

The following information on vetting has been produced jointly by the British Equine Veterinary Association and the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. It is intended to provide general guidance for both veterinary surgeons and prospective purchasers on what is to be expected of pre-purchase examinations of horses. The term “horse” is meant to include ponies and foals.

BEVA/RCVS Guidance Notes on the Examination of a Horse on Behalf of a Prospective Purchaser (amended 2011)

The aim of the pre-purchase examination is to carry out a thorough clinical examination on behalf of a potential purchaser to identify and assess factors of a veterinary nature that could prejudice the horse‟s suitability for its intended use. Each pre-purchase examination is carried out on behalf of a specific prospective purchaser so that the opinion can be based on that purchaser‟s individual needs and intended use of the horse. Examinations performed on behalf of a seller are not advised except in the case of a few specified auction sales.


Before performing a pre-purchase examination the veterinary surgeon should endeavour to ascertain who is selling the horse and the horse‟s identity. If, as a result of such information, the veterinary surgeon feels any conflict of interest, which means he/she cannot act wholly in the interests of the purchaser, the veterinary surgeon should decline to perform the examination. If the veterinary surgeon feels able to act without conflict, the fact that the seller is an existing client of the veterinary surgeon‟s practice should be declared to the purchaser in advance of the examination. Additionally, if the veterinary surgeon, or his/her practice, have any prior knowledge of the horse from any source, permission should be obtained from the seller for full disclosure to the purchaser of all such information that might be relevant. If this is not possible, for any reason, the veterinary surgeon should decline to perform the examination.

A standardised clinical examination is performed. Its findings will be assessed by the veterinary surgeon, who will form an opinion as to their significance and any possible adverse implications for the prospective purchaser‟s intended use of the horse. The findings and opinion may be reported to the purchaser verbally at the time of the examination or soon afterwards, as well as being documented in a certificate that is issued to the purchaser. If the purchase does not proceed a certificate may not be completed unless the purchaser requires one. Certificates are not transferable to another purchaser.


The pre-purchase examination provides an assessment of the horse at the time of examination to help inform the potential purchaser„s decision whether or not to continue with their purchase. It is not a guarantee of a horse‟s suitability for the intended purpose.

THE EXAMINATION
The standard examination is conducted in five stages, although the exact sequence of the examination may vary. The stages are:


Stage 1: Preliminary examination
This is a thorough external examination of the animal at rest using visual observation, palpation and manipulation to detect clinically apparent signs of injury, disease or physical abnormality. It includes an examination of the incisor teeth, a thorough examination of the horse‟s eyes in a darkened area and auscultation of the horse‟s heart and lungs at rest. Examination of the eyes does not include dilating the pupil but should include examination of internal and external structures.

The examination does not include examination of the inside of the prepuce (sheath), a detailed mouth examination with a speculum, a height measurement or any examination for pregnancy.


Stage 2: Walk and trot, in hand
The animal is walked and then trotted in hand to detect abnormalities of gait and action. Ideally this is carried out on firm, level ground. The horse is turned sharply each way and is backed for a few paces. Flexion tests of all four limbs and trotting in a circle on a firm surface may be carried out if the examining veterinary surgeon considers it safe and appropriate to do so.

Stage 3: Exercise phase
The horse is usually ridden and given sufficient exercise to:
1. Allow assessment of the horse when it has an increased breathing effort and an increased heart rate.
2. Allow assessment of the horse‟s gait at walk, trot, canter and, if appropriate, gallop.
3. Allow assessment of the horse for the purpose of stage five.
If ridden exercise is not possible for any reason then this stage may be conducted by exercising the horse on a lunge, but this fact should be made clear to the purchaser and on the certificate.

Stage 4: Period of rest and re-examination
The horse is allowed to stand quietly for a period. During this time the respiratory and cardiovascular systems may be monitored as they return to their resting levels.


Stage 5: Second trot up
The animal is trotted in hand again to look for any signs of strains or injuries made evident by the exercise and rest stages.
Flexion tests and trotting in a circle
Flexion tests and trotting in a circle on a firm surface are not mandatory parts of the standard procedure, but they can sometimes provide useful additional information about a horse. There may be circumstances when the examining veterinary surgeon concludes that it is unsafe or inappropriate to perform such tests.

Blood Sample
A blood sample may be taken for storage (usually for 6 months) for possible future analysis to detect substances present in the horse‟s system at the time of the examination that might have masked any factors affecting the horse‟s suitability for the purchaser‟s intended use. If a blood sample is not taken then the reason should be noted on the certificate.

Identification of the horse
The horse should be identified by recording the horse‟s markings in the form of a diagram and written description as well as searching for a microchip and inspecting any available documentation. The diagram may be omitted if the presence of a microchip can be confirmed by scanner and the diagram of an accompanying passport matches the horse. In this instance, both microchip and passport numbers should be recorded on the certificate.


Variations from the standard examination
Whilst there is a recognised format for the examination, the examining veterinary surgeon may vary it where there are good practical or clinical reasons. In circumstances where it is not possible or appropriate to complete all the stages, or where the standard five-stage examination is limited to stages one and two at the specific request of the purchaser, the variations from the standard procedure should be made clear to the purchaser and on the certificate. The results of any additional procedures (e.g. radiography or endoscopy) carried out at the request of the purchaser should also be reported and recorded on the certificate or in an addendum to it. The original records of these procedures (such as radiographs, ultrasonographs, photographs) should be retained by the examining veterinary surgeon.

THE CERTIFICATE AND OPINION
The certificate should report the findings of the examination including all significant signs of disease, injury or physical abnormality. The certificate should also include the examining veterinary surgeon‟s opinion as to whether or not, on the balance of probabilities, those findings prejudice the horse‟s suitability for purchase for its intended use.


This opinion of the examining veterinary surgeon is given in the following format:
“In my opinion, on the balance of probabilities, the conditions reported above do / do not prejudice this horse’s suitability for purchase to be used for …”


This wording reflects the fact that there may be other reasonable interpretations of the findings, but it in no way reduces the responsibility of examining veterinary surgeons to examine and observe the horse carefully and to apply to the full their professional knowledge and experience.
If the examining veterinary surgeon considers that the clinical history represents a greater than normal risk of the horse developing future problems (i.e. recurrence or delayed consequences of a prior condition), or that it may do so, this should be indicated on the certificate along with an explanatory note. Despite such observations, the horse may nevertheless be suitable for purchase based on a risk/benefit analysis.

LIMITATIONS OF THE EXAMINATION


Incomplete examinations
If any parts of the five stages are omitted for any reason, the opinion given is based purely upon those parts of the examination that were completed. The incomplete examination will not have identified any clinical signs of disease, injury or abnormality that could only have been revealed by a part of the standard procedure that was omitted.If the purchaser requests a limited (two-stage) examination, the examination will be limited in its scope and may not detect important clinical factors that could otherwise influence their decision to purchase the horse.


Previous treatments
The horse may have received previous or concurrent veterinary treatment unknown to the examining veterinary surgeon. This may be so even where the examining veterinary surgeon is the seller‟s regular veterinary surgeon and has access to clinical records for the horse.
At the time of the examination the horse may have been subject to some previously administered drug or medicament having the effect of masking or concealing some disease, injury or physical abnormality that might otherwise have been clinically discoverable. A blood sample taken at the time of the examination may be used later to seek to determine this.


Ownership
The certificate serves to identify the horse that was examined, but it is not the responsibility of the examining veterinary surgeon to ascertain that the declared seller has legal title in the horse. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to satisfy themselves as to the ownership of the horse before purchase and to verify the records of any microchip with the relevant database.

Age

Without appropriate paper records from foalhood it is not possible to confirm the age of a horse with accuracy. Estimates of age based on a dental examination are imprecise and unreliable and exact ageing using dentition alone should be avoided. In the absence of documentary evidence, the term „aged‟ may be used to refer to a horse considered after examination to be over 15 years of age.


Vices
Vices are objectionable habits, but are not necessarily detectable during the examination. However, if vices, or evidence of vices, are observed during the examination they should be reported to the purchaser and recorded on the certificate and taken into account in the concluding opinion.


Seller’s warranty
The opinion provides no assurances in respect of matters that can only be established by a seller‟s representations to the purchaser. A seller‟s warranty is a matter between the seller and the purchaser and is not the responsibility of the examining veterinary surgeon. The purchaser should consider obtaining a written warranty from the seller covering, for example, matters such as medical or surgical history, height, freedom from vices, temperament, non-administration of drugs prior to the examination and the horse‟s previous or existing uses and performance levels.


Height
For the purposes of this examination, the height of a horse or pony is not the concern of the examining veterinary surgeon.

Insurance
Where possible and if required, the prospective purchaser is advised to confirm that they are able to obtain suitable insurance cover before purchasing the horse.


NB. Pre-purchase examination certificates are suitable for submission to insurance companies with a proposal for insurance of the horse. Insurance examinations carried out for an existing owner of a horse may follow the same format as the five-stage pre-purchase examination, but they will not include an opinion and should not be interpreted as a pre-purchase examination. Insurance examinations should be recorded using the “Certificate of Examination of a Horse for Insurance Purposes”.

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Plants Poisonous to Horses - Oak and Acorn - Quercus species

355px-Quercus_robur-oak-acorn

All parts of the Oak tree are toxic to horses, the toxic principle is gallotannin. Poisoning usually occurs when horses graze on oak due to lack of adequate forage but some horses do develop a taste for acorns and will seek them out.

Oak poisoning causes gastroenteritis and kidney damage in horses. Symptoms may appear several days after ingestion and include: Abdominal pain, constipation followed by diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), depression, frequent urination, discoloured urine, jaundice, colic, sweating, unsteadiness, fits and coma.      Image: Wikimedia Commons

Urgent veterinary assistance is required.

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When to call the vet out to your horse - emergency

  • If your horse is unable or unwilling to move
  • Road traffic accidents
  • Profuse bleeding: apply pressure, call vet
  • Obvious or suspected fracture, the horse should not be moved
  • Suspected signs of colic that last over thirty minutes don't delay longer
  • Foaling difficulties
  • Swollen, closed eye
  • Azoturia
  • Difficulty breathing or obviously distressed
  • Lacerations requiring suturing
  •  Puncture wounds on dangerous sites like joints and tendon sheaths.
  • If your horse's temperature is greater than 40C or 101.5F
  • Suspected strangles
  • Cases of choke that don't resolve themselves fairly quickly
  • If your horse hasn't eaten or drunk for more than 6 hours
  • If your horse has not passed faeces for longer than 12 hours
  • Lameness unusual to the horse with indications of heat and swelling that don't show improvement within 36 hours
  • Shock
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The BHS (British Horse Society) Horse Owners Certificate

The-british-horse-society

The BHS Horse Owner's Certificates are specifically aimed at the first time horse owner, parent of horse owners or potential owners they are offered at four levels of knowledge with regard to the care and management of the horse and involve taking an examination. As there is no practical section to The BHS Horse Owner's Certificates  they are not professional qualifications but BHS amateur qualifications only.

The BHS Horse Owners Certificate Syllabus

The BHS Horse Owners Certificate Level 1

  • Knowledge of horse types, uses, colours and markings.
  • Elementary stable management.
  • Knowledge of care and maintenance required to keep a horse healthy and comfortable in a stable.
  • Stable routine and safety in the stable.
  • Safe handling of both the horse and equipment necessary for his well-being.
  • A knowledge of substances in common use which require particular care andand/or storage.
  • Identification of items of tack in common use and naming of the parts.
  • Basic care of tack.
  • Ability to take apart, inspect for safety, clean and reassemble.
  • Reasons and principles of grooming.
  • Knowledge of the items in a grooming kit and their use.
  • Basic knowledge of shoeing and care of the foot.
  • Recognition of signs of health and ill health and when to call a vet.
  • Temperature, pulse, respiration and the signs of health.
  • Preventative treatments - worming, flu-vac etc including a basic knowledge of the need to worm and vaccinate.
  • Elementary principles of watering and feeding and the rules of feeding and watering.
  • A knowledge of buying a horse including points to look for and the need for a vet to assess the horse before purchase.
  • Elementary rules for preparing a horse for a ride including riding out on the roads; returning from a ride; and how to dress for riding.

The BHS Horse Owners Certificate Level 2

  • The reasons for shoeing and recognition of when shoeing or re-shoeing is required.
  • A knowledge of the basic structure of the foot.
  • Knowledge of a farrier’s tools and use.
  • Know how to remove a shoe safely in an emergency.
    Recognition of common injuries and basic first aid.
  • Know how to arrest bleeding and treat different types of wounds.
  • Knowledge of watering and feeding of the stabled horse and the horse at grass including feeding in all seasons and feeding for light work.
  • Care and maintenance of grassland including the maintenance of fences, gates, shelter, watering etc.
  • Care and improvement of the grassland to include a knowledge of harmful weeds and their control.
  • The care of saddlery, including the inspection for soundness of saddles.
  • A knowledge of the fitting and use of more items of equipment i.e. martingales,breastplates, boots etc.
  • The necessity of insurance to cover all aspects of the horse and its use.
  • Stable Routine for two horses which also includes all the extra jobs that need to be undertaken e.g. drains, guttering, paintwork, cleanliness of yard etc.
  •  A knowledge of the different types of bedding and their management including  different systems e.g. deep litter.
  • The Highway Code.
  • The Country Code, including the correct and courteous use of bridleways.

The BHS Horse Owners Certificate Level 3

  • The recognition, treatment and care of common injuries and ailments, further to Level Two.
  • Changes from management in the stable to management at grass and viceversa.
  • The procedures for getting a horse up from a period out at grass e.g.,teeth, worming etc. and the procedures for roughing-off a horse.
  • Clipping, trimming and plaiting.
  • Care and maintenance of horse transport; to include both horse boxes and trailers.
  • A knowledge of the law regarding the transit of horses including weight ratios for trailers and legal requirement with regard to towing.
  • Preparation of the horse for travel including aknowledge of equipment needed with regard to the length of journey and the climatic conditions.
  • The care of the horse trekking and in competitive events.
  • Understanding  fitness and condition, and the maintenance of both.
  • Knowledge of good and bad stable construction including different types of stabling.
  • Basic requirements of planning regulations.
  • Layout of stable yard to include handling and disposal of the muck heap.
  • Knowledge of horse clothing and bandagingincluding their care and maintenance.
  • Recognition of good and bad forage.
  • Knowledge of different grasses found in hay samples and ability to identify weeds and poor grasses.
  • Storage of forage
  • Have a working knowledge of the costs involved in keeping a horse.

The BHS Horse Owners Certificate Level 4

  • Knowledge of the main systems in the horse (Respiration, Reproduction,Digestive, Immune, etc.), their function and common problems associated with these systems, (COPD, Colic etc.)
  • Knowledge of various grasses, conditions for growth and beneficial properties.
  • Procedures for improving pasture i.e. drainage, cross grazing, re-seeding, fertilisers etc. Calendar of management for grassland. Haymaking - types and methods.
  • Vitamins/Minerals - difference between them and why they may be deficient in the diet.
  • Name main vitamins/minerals and their uses.
  • Weights and types of feed available for: Riding School horses, Hunters, Competition Horses, etc.
  • Knowledge of structure of the tooth and ageing characteristics. Description of structure of the mouth and common problems that may result from poor mouth conformation. 
  • Name and structure of different types of remedial shoes, describe the condition under which these shoes may be used and the way in which they affect improvement/relief.
  • List the basic principles of sick nursing and the reasons/conditions for implementing these.
  • Describe the way in which these principles may help to reduce severity of a condition/injury and any problems that may arise as a result.
  • Outline the basic principles of fitting various saddles (dressage, jumping, cross-country, general purpose) and bridles (snaffle, double bridle).
  • Describe the uses of specific ‘bits’ and gadgets, (draw reins, balancing reins, Market Harborough, De Gouge, etc.) and the way in which they work.
  • List common stable vices and their possible causes and suggest ways to stop such vices and the preventative steps that can be taken to limit these.
  • A general knowledge of The BHS and its Departments, Structure etc. Awareness of The BHS qualifications system and The BHS Register of Instructors.
  • Action to be taken in the event of an accident. A knowledge of RIDDOR and legal obligations of an Instructor.

Candidate’s information packs are available from the BHS Examinations Department on request.
Please contact [email protected]

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The British Horse Society Recommended Procedure In The Event Of An Accident

In the event of a riding accident The British Horse Society recommends the following procedures:

1 a) The telephone number of your local doctor and veterinary surgeon should be easily available to you whenever teaching or hacking. An ambulance may be obtained by dialling 999 but you will be required to give your name, exact location and some description of the type of accident.


b) When out hacking with a class always take with you:
i) Money and phone card for the telephone or a mobile phone.
ii) A first aid pack.


2 KEEP CALM, and USE YOUR COMMON SENSE.


3 If you are riding, halt the ride in an orderly manner. Dismount and hand over your horse; dismount the rest of the ride if necessary and safe to do so. Ensure that they are in a safe position.


4 a) Go quietly to the injured person.
b) Secure the loose horse.
c) Organise safety procedures for other road users. Ask motorists to help by using their hazard warning lights.


If the injured person is conscious:


i) Tell them to remain still.


ii) In order that you may give full information to the doctor, ask if there is pain in any particular area. Do not move an injured rider who is in severe pain, nor if they are complaining of pain in neck or back. Wait until skilled help arrives.


iii) Remember the ABC of care and, as the first priority, check the airway to ensure that the unconscious rider is able to breathe adequately. It may be necessary to adjust the position of the jaw correctly and carefully and to clear any obstruction without causing the rider to gag. If breathing is inadequate, despite clearing the airway and correctly adjusting it, then mouth to mouth breathing should be started at a rate of about one breath every five seconds. Learn this life-saving measure and revise it whenever possible.


iv) Stem obvious, serious bleeding by applying FIRM pressure to the wound with a handkerchief or a piece of clean material made into a pad.


v) If skilled help is not immediately available, then the unconscious rider who is breathing adequately, must be turned as one unit on to their side in order to avoid the danger of inhaling stomach contents if vomiting occurs. It will be necessary to control the head, neck and spine in order to make the turn safe and then to keep the rider in a stable position with the airway readjusted if necessary. Learn this technique and practise it whenever possible.


vi) Cover the rider with a coat or blanket.


5 REMAIN CALM.


6 In the event of an accident involving the horse, make sure he receives attention.

7 It may be necessary to send for medical help or to arrange for the casualty to be taken to hospital unless quite certain of their fitness to continue. In any event, if there is the slightest doubt in your mind, always refer to a senior member of staff or call for medical assistance.


REMEMBER, IN EMERGENCY DIAL 999.


8 As soon as possible, but within the limits imposed by the circumstances, reassure the remainder of your ride by your own calmness and self control and continue your ride or lesson (or get another member of staff to do so). Remember to make your report in the Accident Book, and if the accident happened on the road, you should complete The British Horse Society Accident Report Form (available from the Road Safety Development Officer, British Horse Society).


The British Horse Society would like to express its appreciation to Dr J Lloyd Parry for his
assistance in compiling this information.

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Equine First Aid Kit - List of basic contents

Everyone should have a horse first aid kit, here's a list of basic items:

  • Roll of cotton wool
  • Clean container for water
  • Hibiscrub or other antiseptic solution
  • Melonin/Allevyn/suitable dressing
  • Gamgee
  • Vetwrap/other adhesive bandage
  • Antiseptic creams and soluble clear wound gels
  • Animalintex or other poultice material
  • Duck tape
  • Hoof pick
  • Round ended scissors
  • Thermometer
  • Clear directions to the yard written down so anyone can give directions when calling vets in etc.
  • Torch - remember to check / replace batteries
  • Phone numbers for vet, farrier and insurance company
  • A well-charged mobile phone or change for pay phone if available
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